Renku

Renku (連句, "linked verses"), the Japanese form of popular collaborative linked verse poetry formerly known as haikai no renga (俳諧の連歌), is a development of the older Japanese poetic tradition of ushin renga, or orthodox collaborative linked verse. At renku gatherings participating poets take turns providing alternating verses of 17 and 14 morae. Initially haikai no renga distinguished itself through vulgarity and coarseness of wit, before growing into a legitimate artistic tradition, and eventually giving birth to the haiku form of Japanese poetry. The term renku gained currency after 1904, when Takahama Kyoshi started to use it.

Development
The oldest known collection of haikai linked verse appears in the first imperial anthology of renga, the Tsukubashū (1356-57).

Traditional renga was a group activity in which each participant displayed his wit by spontaneously composing a verse in response to the verse that came before; the more interesting the relationship between the two verses the more impressive the poet’s ability. The links between verses could range from vulgar to artistic, but as renga was taken up by skilled poets and developed into a set form, the vulgarity of its early days came to be ignored.

Haikai no renga, in response to the stale set forms that preceded it, embraced this vulgar attitude and was typified by contempt for traditional poetic and cultural ideas, and by the rough, uncultured language that it used. The haikai spirit, as it came to be called, embraced the natural humour that came from the combination of disparate elements. To that end haikai poets would often combine elements of traditional poems with new ones they created. A well-known example of this early attitude is the opening couplet, possibly by Yamazaki Sōkan (1464–1552), from his Inutsukubashū (犬筑波集, "Mongrel Renga Collection").

He was given the following prompt:


 * kasumi no koromo suso wa nurekeri
 * The robe of haze is wet at its hem

to which he responded:


 * saohime no haru tachi nagara shito o shite
 * Princess Sao of spring pissed as she started

This poem clearly derives its humour from shock value. Taking an ostensibly traditional and poetic prompt and injecting vulgar humour while maintaining the connection of the damp hems and the spring mists was exactly the sort of thing that early haikai poets were known for.

A comparable, though less evolved, tradition of 'linked verse' (lién jù, written with the same characters as 'renku') evolved in Chin-dynasty China, and it has been argued that this Chinese form influenced Japanese renga during its formative period.

Outside Japan
During the last decades, the practice of renku has spread beyond Japan. With the growth of the internet and of electronic communications, international renku collaborations have grown in popularity, chiefly in English. However, renku have also been published in French, Croatian, German, Italian, Afrikaans, Romanian, Russian and Esperanto. Sometimes, renku are composed simultaneously in two or more languages.

Formats used in renku
Below is a list of the formats most commonly used in writing renku

Periodicals regularly publishing renku in English

 * A Hundred Gourds – online haiku, haibun, haiga, tanka and renku journal
 * Blithe Spirit – print journal of the British Haiku Society
 * Frogpond – print journal published by the Haiku Society of America
 * Journal of Renga & Renku – the only English-language print journal devoted entirely to renga and renku
 * Lishanu - an interlingual haikai journal – online journal of bilingual haikai
 * Lynx - online journal edited by Werner and Jane Reichhold
 * Simply Haiku 2003–2009 – complete archive of all issues of the online literary journal
 * Sketchbook – online journal for Eastern and Western short form poetry
 * World Haiku Review – online journal published by the World Haiku Club

Collections of English-language renku

 * Aberdein, John et al. Milk to Mercury. Brae Editions, 2009. ISBN 9781907508011. Three nijūin
 * Aisawa, Toyoko et al. Utopia. 2010. ISBN 9784990532814. Bilingual Japanese and English: collection of kasen
 * Carley, John et al. the Little Book of Yotsumonos. Darlington Richards Press, 2012. ISBN 9780986976315. Collection of four-verse renku
 * Fukuda, Shinku et al. Pilgrimage. Meitoku Press, 2006. Bilingual Japanese and English: collection of kasen and nijūin
 * Reichhold, Jane et al. Narrow Road to Renga. AHA Books, 1989. ISBN 0944676197. Collection of kasen
 * Yuasa, Nobuyuki et al. Springtime in Edo. Keisuisha, 2006. ISBN 4874409202. Bilingual Japanese and English: one kasen

Contests
Two English-language renku contests are held annually: the Journal of Renga & Renku contest, and the Bernard Lionel Einbond Renku Competition, held by the Haiku Society of America.